One of the major challenges facing the Iranian geographical scholarly community is structural geographical determinism, which attributes all drivers of development to natural capacities, location, and territorial conditions. This perspective has led to the neglect of the role and capabilities of Iranian human agency within Iran’s territorial space. Accordingly, this article seeks to examine and emphasize human agency as a neglected element in geographical discussions related to territorial management. However, beyond merely highlighting the role and position of humans, the article adopts a critical and realistic approach to human action within Iran’s geographical space. In other words, it analyzes the role of human agency in the challenges and vulnerabilities of territorial space management in Iran from the perspective of land-use planning (spatial planning). The main research question of this article is as follows: What is the role and position of human agency in the challenges and vulnerabilities of territorial space management in Iran? This study is an applied research project, though in some respects it also approaches theoretical and fundamental discussions. The article is written using an analytical–descriptive method, and its data have been compiled through library-based and documentary research. Nevertheless, the present study is primarily analytical in nature and places less emphasis on data collection and the extensive use of empirical sources.